IoT Fundamentals

The Internet of Things connects everyday objects to the internet — smart homes, wearables, industrial sensors.

IoT Stack

• Devices — sensors, actuators
• Connectivity — WiFi, Bluetooth, Zigbee
• Platform — data collection, processing
• Applications — dashboards, alerts

Syntax

COMPUTER-SCIENCE

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# IoT Protocol Stack
Application: MQTT, CoAP, HTTP
Transport: TCP, UDP
Network: IPv6, 6LoWPAN
Link: WiFi, Bluetooth, Zigbee

IoT Sensor Data

PYTHON

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import random
import time

# Simulate IoT sensor
class TemperatureSensor:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name
        self.readings = []

    def read(self):
        temp = round(random.uniform(18.0, 35.0), 1)
        self.readings.append(temp)
        return temp

    def average(self):
        return round(sum(self.readings) / len(self.readings), 1)

sensor = TemperatureSensor("Room-1")
for _ in range(5):
    temp = sensor.read()
    print(f"{sensor.name}: {temp}°C")

print(f"Average: {sensor.average()}°C")

Try It Yourself

Practice

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Exercise

What is MQTT?

Answer

A lightweight messaging protocol designed for IoT devices with limited bandwidth.

Quick Quiz

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What does IoT stand for?

Internet of Technology

Internet of Things

Input of Things

Integration of Tech

IoT stands for Internet of Things.

Retry Quiz

Interview Questions

What are the security challenges of IoT?

Limited computing power for encryption, default passwords, insecure updates, and large attack surface with many connected devices.

Tutorial Complete

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